Tuberculosis (TB) describes an infectious disease that has plagued humans since the Neolithic times. Two organisms cause tuberculosis–Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis.
Physicians in ancient Greece called this illness "phthisis" to reflect its wasting character. During the 17th and 18th centuries, TB caused up to 25% of all deaths in Europe. In more recent times, tuberculosis has been called "consumption."
Robert Koch isolated the tubercle bacillus in 1882 and established TB as an infectious disease.
In the 19th century, patients were isolated in sanatoria and given treatments such as injecting air into the chest cavity. Attempts were made to decrease lung size by surgery called thoracoplasty.
During the first half of the 20th century, no effective treatment was available.
Streptomycin, the first antibiotic to fight TB, was introduced in 1946, and isoniazid (Laniazid, Nydrazid) became available in 1952.
M tuberculosis is a rod-shaped, slow-growing bacterium.
M tuberculosis' cell wall has high acid content, which makes it hydrophobic, resistant to oral fluids.
The cell wall absorbs a certain dye and maintains a red color despite attempts at decolorization, hence the name acid-fast bacilli.
M tuberculosis continues to kill millions of people yearly worldwide. In 1995, 3 million deaths from TB occurred.
Up to 8 million new cases of TB develop each year.
More than 90% of these cases occur in developing nations that have poor resources and high numbers of people infected with HIV.
In the United States, incidence of TB began to decline around 1900, because of improved living conditions.
TB cases have increased since 1985, most likely due to the increase in HIV. Tuberculosis continues to be a major health problem worldwide. In 1997, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 32% of the global population was infected with TB bacteria.
7.9 million new cases of TB developed.
1.87 million people died of this disease.
With the spread of AIDS , tuberculosis continues to lay waste to large populations. The emergence of drug-resistant organisms threatens to make this disease once again incurable.
In 1993, the WHO declared tuberculosis a global emergency.
World Health Organization
Bronchodilators
Bronchodilators are medicines that help open the bronchial tubes (airways) of the lungs, allowing more air to flow through them.
Bronchoscopy allows a doctor to examine inside your airway for any abnormality such as foreign bodies, bleeding, a tumor, or inflammation. The doctor uses either a rigid bronchoscope or flexible bronchoscope.
Respiratory System, in anatomy and physiology, organs that deliver oxygen to the circulatory system for transport to all body cells. Oxygen is essential for cells, which use this vital substance to liberate the energy needed for cellular activities.
